This guide will help you to understand and use the pronunciation symbols found in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Academic English.
English Pronunciation Part One The Sound System of English Chapter 0 The Symbols 01 Familiar Consonant Symbols Voiced Voiceless b boat verb p post stop d deed lead t tease seat g god dog k kiss sick case doc v verb brave f fish leaf M those smooth L thief teeth z zoo ooze s sick kiss cease nice.
Consonants
The spelling in British English is mainly absorbed from other languages such as French or German and favors words that have originally appeared in the language. In American English, it is based on how the words sound because it tends to be easier. Here are some of the differences: 1. Words that end in -re in British English,often end in -er in. See Radio Programme 1. In standard British English (RP) the letter 'r' after a vowel sound at the end of word is often not pronounced. However, when the following word begins with a vowel the /r.
| p | pen | /pen/ |
| b | bad | /bæd/ |
| t | tea | /tiː/ |
| d | did | /dɪd/ |
| k | cat | /kæt/ |
| ɡ | get | /ɡet/ |
| tʃ | chain | /tʃeɪn/ |
| dʒ | jam | /dʒæm/ |
| f | fall | /fɔːl/ |
| v | van | /væn/ |
| θ | thin | /θɪn/ |
| ð | this | /ðɪs/ |
| s | see | /siː/ |
| z | zoo | /zuː/ |
| ʃ | shoe | /ʃuː/ |
| ʒ | vision | /ˈvɪʒn/ |
| h | hat | /hæt/ |
| m | man | /mæn/ |
| n | now | /naʊ/ |
| ŋ | sing | /sɪŋ/ |
| l | leg | /leɡ/ |
| r | red | /red/ |
| j | yes | /jes/ |
| w | wet | /wet/ |
The symbol (r) indicates that British pronunciation will have /r/ only if a vowel sound follows directly at the beginning of the next word, as in far away; otherwise the /r/ is omitted. For American English, all the /r/ sounds should be pronounced.
/x/ represents a fricative sound as in /lɒx/ for Scottish loch, Irish lough.
Vowels and diphthongs
British English Pronunciation Rules Pdf
| iː | see | /siː/ |
| i | happy | /ˈhæpi/ |
| ɪ | sit | /sɪt/ |
| e | bed | /bed/ |
| æ | cat | /kæt/ |
| ɑː | father | /ˈfɑːðə(r)/ |
| ɒ | got | /ɡɒt/ (British English) |
| ɔː | saw | /sɔː/ |
| ʊ | put | /pʊt/ |
| u | actual | /ˈæktʃuəl/ |
| uː | too | /tuː/ |
| ʌ | cup | /kʌp/ |
| ɜː | fur | /fɜː(r)/ |
| ə | about | /əˈbaʊt/ |
| eɪ | say | /seɪ/ |
| əʊ | go | /ɡəʊ/ |
| aɪ | my | /maɪ/ |
| ɔɪ | boy | /bɔɪ/ |
| aʊ | now | /naʊ/ |
| ɪə | near | /nɪə(r)/ (British English) |
| eə | hair | /heə(r)/ (British English) |
| ʊə | pure | /pjʊə(r)/ (British English) |
Nasalized vowels, marked with /˜/, may be retained in certain words taken from French, as in penchant/ˈpɒ̃ʃɒ̃/.
While represented by the same symbols in the dictionary, some vowels and diphthongs differ in quality between British and American English.
Pronunciation in the dictionary
The pronunciations given are those of younger speakers of ‘mainstream’ or ‘unmarked’ Received Pronunciation (British English) and ‘General’ or ‘Network’ American (American English). These models represent accents that are widely taught and easily recognized as British or American. They enable clear communication, are not old-fashioned or strongly regional, and are acceptable in formal and informal situations.
Pronunciations given between slashes /ˌlaɪk ˈðɪs/ are transcribed broadly, using a phonemic system. This means that symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet are used to represent the sounds and features that distinguish one word from another in English. If the symbols are treated simply as sounds the speaker will be clearly understood — words such as cap/kæp/ and cup/kʌp/ will not be confused. The more advanced learner will understand that these symbols (phonemes) represent groups of related English sounds (allophones), and that the choice of symbols is guided by a long tradition of teaching and representing English pronunciation in this way.
The broad approach to transcription is accompanied by a selective approach to variant pronunciations. For example, the transcriptions make clear that the vowel /ɒ/ occurs only in British English, with American pronunciations usually having /ɔː/ or /ɑː/ instead. For these words there is some variation between /ɔː/ and /ɑː/ among speakers of American English, but only one such pronunciation is given.
Some variant pronunciations are represented by the special use of /i/ and /u/ (without a length mark /ː/). /i/ represents a weak vowel that can be sounded either as /iː/ or /ɪ/ or a compromise between them. The sequence /iə/ can be pronounced /jə/, so union can be /ˈjuːniən/ or /ˈjuːnjən/. In the same way /u/ represents a weak vowel between /uː/ and /ʊ/. If followed by a consonant sound it can be pronounced as /ə/, and the sequence /uə/ can be pronounced /wə/, as in actual/ˈæktʃuəl, ˈæktʃwəl/.
Further information about a pronunciation may be given in square brackets [ˈlaɪk ˈðɪs], referring more specifically to sounds on the IPA chart. This narrow transcription is useful for representing pronunciations or sounds that are not British or American, for example the East African pronunciation [ˈboma] given at boma.
Allophones
Allophones can be demonstrated by looking at the /t/ phoneme. In addition to [t], the /t/ phoneme also contains tap [ɾ] and glottal stop [ʔ] sounds, which are used in certain contexts. The [ɾ]tap sound is very much like the /d/ in rider. It is widely used by American speakers when the /t/ is between two vowels and the second vowel is not stressed, as in writer. Both British and American speakers sometimes use the glottal stop [ʔ] (a momentary tight closure of the vocal cords) for the /t/ in words like football/ˈfʊtbɔːl/ and button/ˈbʌtn/. Use of the glottal stop for /t/ in these positions is more common and more widely accepted than its use between vowels, as in water.
Such considerations are not limited to the /t/ phoneme. For example, the /l/ phoneme encompasses a clear [l] sound for words such as like/laɪk/ (where the /l/ is before or between vowels) and a dark [ɫ] sound for other positions, as in full/fʊl/ or milk/mɪlk/. The sound files that accompany our phonemic transcriptions are intended to supplement the phonemic transcriptions and demonstrate such detail.
Syllabic consonants
The sounds /l/ and /n/ can often be syllabic — that is, they can form a syllable by themselves. They can be thought of as representing a sequence of [əl] or [ən]. There is a syllabic /l/ at the end of final/ˈfaɪnl/, but for clarity the schwa /ə/ is shown in the transcription of finally/ˈfaɪnəli/ so that it is not confused with finely/ˈfaɪnli/.
American English Pronunciation Rules Pdf Download
Weak and strong forms
Some pronunciations are labelled as strong or weak forms. The first pronunciation given usually represents the one most commonly used, but where a strong form is indicated it should be used when the word is stressed. A strong form is also usually used when the word is at the end of a sentence. For example:
- Can/kən/you help?
- I’ll help if I can /kæn/.
Stress
Stress is very important in English — it can be used to distinguish the meaning of similar-sounding words, compounds, phrasal verbs and idioms. The stress patterns indicated in our dictionaries will enable the learner to sound natural and clearly communicate their intended meaning.
The mark /ˈ/ shows the main stress — compare able/ˈeɪbl/, stressed on the first syllable, and ability/əˈbɪləti/, stressed on the second. A stressed syllable is relatively loud, long in duration, said clearly and distinctly, and made noticeable by the pitch of the voice. A stressed syllable does not usually contain the weak vowels /ə/, /i/ or /u/.
Longer transcriptions may have one or more secondary stresses before the main stress. These are marked with /ˌ/ as in abbreviation/əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn/ and agricultural/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/. They feel like beats in a rhythm leading up to the main stress. Weak stresses after the main stress can sometimes be heard, but they are not marked in our dictionaries.
A word or compound that has two stresses in its dictionary form may show a shift of stress when used in a phrase. For example, the adjective ˌwell-ˈknown has the main stress on known, but in the phrase ˌwell-known ˈauthor the main stress is shifted to the noun that follows.
Further reading
You can find a fuller discussion of the way pronunciation is indicated in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionaryhere.